This essay explores the anonymous articles published by Sartre in Les Lettres Françaises, a clandestine journal edited by the National Committee of Writers in occupied France. The goal is to reconstruct the historical context of this intervention, examining its conceptual foundations and literary influences. Central to this exploration is an analysis of “Literature, this Freedom!”, in which the political significance of writing emerges from the experience of resistance. The investigation culminates in an assessment of the initial struggles of commitment.

A Editora Contracorrente tem a satisfação de publicar o livro “A era do direito positivo: reflexões sobre política, Estado, Sociedade e Direito”, de autoria do ilustre João Antonio da Silva Filho, Conselheiro do Tribunal de Contas do Município de São Paulo. Nas palavras de Luís Fernando Massonetto, Professor de Direito Econômico da Universidade de São Paulo, esta obra se apresenta “como o esforço de reflexão de um militante político que forja sua consciência no processo de luta pelo (...) direito e que tenta expressar, em um momento mais maduro da sua vida, uma visão particular sobre o fenômeno jurídico a partir de uma leitura singular que ilumina os marcos do positivismo com reflexões sobre a política, a sociedade e o Estado”. (shrink)

Atas do III Colóquio Internacional de Metafísica. [ISBN 978-85-7273-730-2]. Sumário: 1. Prazer, desejo e amor-paixão no texto de Lucrécio, por Antonio Júlio Garcia Freire; 2. Anaximandro: física, metafísica e direito, por Celso Martins Azar Filho; 3. Carta a Guimarães Rosa, por Cícero Cunha Bezerra; 4. Ante ens, non ens: La primacía de La negación em El neoplatonismo medievel, por Claudia D’Amico; 5. Metafísica e neoplatonismo, por David G. Santos; 6. Movimento e tempo no pensamento de Epicuro, por Everton (...) da Silva Rocha; 7. Críticas e elogios de Nietzche a Sócrates, por Fernanda Bulhões; 8. Sobre a Metafísica ou a respeito do jejum, por Gilvan Fogel; 9. A origem estética da ontologia hermenêutica de Luigi Pareyson, por Íris Fátima da Silva; 10. A Natureza da filosofia de Hume, por Jaimir Conte; 11. Logique ET métaphysique, por Jean-Baptiste Jainet; 12. Blaise Pascal: da recusa da metafísica da raison à metafísica do « estudo do homem », por João Emiliano Fotaleza de Aquino; 13. O niilismo no prólogo de Assim Falou Zaratustra. Por José Elielton de Sousa; 14. Presencia;Ausência: de Plotino a Procolo, por José Maria Zamora; 15. A natureza do Eros platônico, por Jovelina Maria Ramos de Souza; 16. Breve comentário acerca da origem da Gelassenheit de Heidegger a partir da mística de mestre Eckkart, por Luiz Fernando Fontes-Teixeira; 17. Humanismo e domesticação em Regras para o parque humano, por Luiz Roberto Alves dos Santos; 18. Contra a teoria de dois mundos na filosofia de Platão (República V 476e-478e), por Marcelo Pimenta Marques; 19. Sensações, impressões, projeções: as afecções do pensamento, por Markus Figueira da Silva; 20. Contribuições à história de uma metáfora: Heidegger e Nicolau de Cusa, por Oscar Federico Bauchwitz; 21. Uma impossibilidade ontológica em Schopenhauer, por Paulo César Oliveira Vasconcelos; 22. Ser e fenômeno: a Fenomenologia como teoria estética da ciência, por Pedro Paulo Coroa; 23. Para que serve a Metafísica de Aristóteles? O exemplo do movimento animal, por Pierre-marie Morel; 24. Contribuições para uma ontologia digital, por Rafael Capurro; 25. O que é o fim da metafísica, por Rodrigo Ribeiro Alves Neto; 26. A Physis na conformação do logos: linguagem e pensamento no corpus epicúreo, por Rodrigo Vidal do Nascimento; 27. O acontecimento de mundo na era da informação, por Soraya Guimarães da Silva; 28. Apofaticismo e abstração em Mark Rothko, por Vanessa Alves de Lacerda Santos. -/- . (shrink)

To begin with -- Genealogy of the cerebral subject -- Disciplines of the neuro -- Cerebralizing distress -- Brains on screen and paper -- Up for grabs.

In Brazil, induced abortion in adolescents has been frequent in less-advantaged socioeconomic classes, and the vulnerability of these adolescents has not been addressed. Given this context, the present study sought to investigate the relationship between the practice of abortion and vulnerability in adolescents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 201 adolescents who completed a structured questionnaire that allowed the analysis of variables with respect to intent to abort. The profile of the pregnant adolescents in the sample studied was the (...) following: average age, 16.1 years; stable partner; mulatas; did not use condoms during sexual relations; precocious with respect to their first sexual relations; and did not plan the pregnancy. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, 81.59% of the subjects‘ abortions were known to be induced. Twenty-one were vulnerable to induced abortion; of these, 13 reported forced sexual intercourse, of whom 8 reported that they had suffered associated violence. These results indicate that sexual violence and unwanted pregnancy subject adolescents to a context of greater vulnerability to induced abortion. Thus, it is suggested that this relationship should be considered from the perspective of bioethics and human rights, but always respecting the cultural values of the society in which the adolescents live, as well as their human dignity. (shrink)

La mentoría como programa de formación en el inicio de la vida profesional del docente principiante se presenta como una oportunidad para la mejora de la calidad de las instituciones educativas y de sus agentes. Al mismo tiempo, revierte sobre la comunidad y el territorio donde se ubica. En contextos reconocidos como vulnerables se necesitan agentes educativos vocacionales y con un alto nivel de resiliencia, y con una meta clara: formar a personas plenas que contribuyan con su sentir, ser y (...) hacer al desarrollo de la comunidad en la que habitan. (shrink)

If personhood is the quality or condition of being an individual person, brainhood could name the quality or condition of being a brain. This ontological quality would define the `cerebral subject' that has, at least in industrialized and highly medicalized societies, gained numerous social inscriptions since the mid-20th century. This article explores the historical development of brainhood. It suggests that the brain is necessarily the location of the `modern self', and that, consequently, the cerebral subject is the anthropological figure inherent (...) to modernity (at least insofar as modernity gives supreme value to the individual as autonomous agent of choice and initiative). It further argues that the ideology of brainhood impelled neuroscientific investigation much more than it resulted from it, and sketches how an expanding constellation of neurocultural discourses and practices embodies and sustains that ideology. (shrink)

There is no systematic knowledge about how individuals with Locked-in Syndrome experience their situation. A phenomenology of LIS, in the sense of a description of subjective experience as lived by the ill persons themselves, does not yet exist as an organized endeavor. The present article takes a step in that direction by reviewing various materials and making some suggestions. First-person narratives provide the most important sources, but very few have been discussed. LIS barely appears in bioethics and neuroethics. Research on (...) Quality of Life provides relevant information, one questionnaire study explores the sense of personal continuity in LIS patients, and LIS has been used as a test case of theories in “embodied cognition” and to explore issues in the phenomenology of illness and communication. A systematic phenomenology of LIS would draw on these different areas: while some deal directly with subjective experience, others throw light on its psychological, sociocultural and materials conditions. Such an undertaking can contribute to the improvement of care and QOL, and help inform philosophical questions, such as those concerning the properties that define persons, the conditions of their identity and continuity, or the dynamics of embodiment and intersubjectivity. (shrink)

Since its emergence in the early 2000s, neuroethics has become a recognized, institutionalized and professionalized field. A central strategy for its successful development has been the claim that it must be an autonomous discipline, distinct in particular from bioethics. Such claim has been justified by the conviction, sustained since the 1990s by the capabilities attributed to neuroimaging technologies, that somehow ‘the mind is the brain’, that the brain sciences can illuminate the full range of human experience and behavior, and that (...) neuroscientific knowledge will have dramatic implications for views of the human, and challenge supposedly established beliefs and practices in domains ranging from self and personhood to the political organization of society. This article examines how that conviction functions as neuroethics’ ideological condition of possibility. (shrink)

En el terreno de la moral, el contraste entre lo ¿que el filósofo Wilfrid Sellars denominó «la ¿imagen manifiesta» y la «imagen científica» es enorme y tiene unas consecuencias prácticas ineludibles. Este libro reduce la distancia entre esa imagen manifiesta y la imagen científica, dotando al lector de referencias fundamentales, enfoques diversos y un amplio abanico de temáticas a partir de investigaciones experimentales sobre nuestra conducta moral.

The name of the Genevan critic Jean Starobinski will most likely evoke masterful\nreadings of Rousseau and Montaigne, or insightful reconstructions of the world\nof the Enlightenment. With the possible exception of the history of melancholy,\nmuch more rarely will it be associated with the history of psychology and\npsychiatry. A small number of the critic’s contributions to this field have\nappeared in some of his books. Most of them, however, remain scattered, and\nnothing suggests that they are known as widely as they deserve.\nStarobinski’s work in (...) the history of psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis\nis exemplary in its perspective of the problematic relations between\npsychological concepts and experiences, and between medical thought and the\nlarger culture. (shrink)

Este estudio sintetiza el estado en que se encuentra el catolicismo en la España de la segunda década del siglo XXI, en una perspectiva evolutiva. Para ello damos cuenta del ciclo en que se encuentra su dinámica y modelo de Iglesia, así como las dimensiones y su estructura. En resumen, la Iglesia católica española está iniciando un cambio cultural profundo en un nuevo ciclo impulsado desde Roma que procura una nueva relación sinodal en el interior de la Iglesia, y el (...) fomento de la cultura del encuentro en la relación con las instituciones modernas. En cuanto a las dimensiones, la comunidad católica está formada en 2024 por el 55% de los españoles (en 55 años, desde 1970, ha perdido 40 puntos porcentuales). El 15% de los españoles son católicos practicantes y el 28% de españoles son católicos que nunca o casi nunca participa en eucaristías. En total, 26,28 millones de personas en España. Respecto a la estructura, encontramos una tendencia al fortalecimiento de casi todas sus instituciones parroquiales, sociales, educativas y culturales, con tal cantidad de centros y actividad, que constituye una singularidad en la sociedad civil por su tamaño, capilaridad e incidencia. El futuro de las religiones es incierto pues depende en gran parte de cómo desarrollan el carisma, pero, pese a la reducción de sus miembros, sigue siendo no solamente la mayor realidad de la sociedad civil española, sino que previsiblemente lo seguirá siendo a lo largo de todo el siglo XXI. (shrink)

Science in film, and usual equivalents such asscience on filmorscience on screen, refer to the cinematographic representation, staging, and enactment of actors, information, and processes involved in any aspect or dimension of science and its history. Of course, boundaries are blurry, and films shot as research tools or documentation also display science on screen. Nonetheless, they generally count asscientific film, andscience inandon filmorscreentend to designate productions whose purpose is entertainment and education. Moreover, these two purposes are often combined, and inherently (...) concern empirical, methodological, and conceptual challenges associated withpopularization,science communication, and thepublic understanding of science. It is in these areas that the notion of thedeficit modelemerged to designate a point of view and a mode of understanding, as well as a set of practical and theoretical problems about the relationship between science and the public. (shrink)

Resumo: A partir da Teoria do romance do jovem Lukács, o artigo desenvolve uma discussão com a filosofia de Hegel, no que concerne, de um lado, à herança da dialética histórica hegeliana, presente na Teoria do romance, e, de outro lado, ao distanciamento do autor húngaro das conclusões de Hegel sobre a unidade efetiva entre indivíduo e Estado moderno. A herança hegeliana na obra de Lukács é definidora na sua compreensão da relação imanente e necessária entre forma artística e conteúdo (...) histórico. Para Hegel, a modernidade e a instituição do Estado aparecem como o mais alto índice da liberdade do homem, na história; para Lukács, ao contrário, a modernidade se apresenta como o coroamento da dissonância entre indivíduo e as suas estruturas sociais, processo de separação que se inicia quando o mundo da epopeia é suplantado pela Grécia estatal da tragédia e da filosofia.: This article discusses the inheritance of the Hegelian historical dialectic present in the young Lukács The theory of the novel, and the distancing of the Hungarian author from Hegel’s conclusions about the effective unity between the individual and modern state. The Hegelian heritage is definitive in Lukács understanding of the immanent and necessary relationship between artistic form and historical content. For Hegel, modernity and state institutions appear as the highest indicators of human freedom in history, whereas for Lukács, on the contrary, modernity is presented as the culmination of alienation between the individual and social structures, an alienating process which begins when the world of the epic is supplanted by the Greek nation-state of tragedy and philosophy. (shrink)

Este trabalho desenvolve a concordância estética e a diferença política entre Hegel e o jovem Lukács da "Teoria do romance". O jovem autor húngaro se apropria da estrutura conceitual da "Estética" de Hegel, pois entende as formas poéticas em sua relação com o desenvolvimento do conteúdo histórico. Lukács e Hegel concebem, desse modo, as duas formas da grande épica (epopeia e romance) em estreita conexão com o momento histórico que as fundamenta: a Grécia arcaica configurada por Homero e a experiência (...) da fragmentação e da consolidação da subjetividade lírica que a modernidade traz consigo. Não obstante a assunção da herança estética de Hegel, o jovem Lukács se afasta das conclusões positivas de Hegel acerca da modernidade, a saber: da suspensão da liberdade fragmentada e lírica da sociedade civil burguesa pela liberdade objetiva na unidade e totalidade da forma Estado, unidade e totalidade verdadeiramente apreendidas pela forma filosófica. Lukács, ao contrário de Hegel, entende a modernidade a partir do ponto de partida negativo, isto é, não a vê como a consumação da liberdade do homem, mas a compreende como a experiência do sujeito fragmentado e separado das estruturas sociais. This work develops the aesthetic agreement and the political difference between Hegel and the young Lukács, who wrote the "Theory of the Novel". The young Hungarian author appropriates the conceptual structure of the Hegel's "Aesthetics", because he understands the poetic forms in their relation with the development of historical content. Lukács and Hegel thereby conceive the two forms of the great epic (Greek epic poem and novel) in close connection with the historical moment in which they arise: the archaic Greece configured by Homer and the experience of fragmentation and consolidation of the lyrical subjectivity brought by modernity itself. Despite the assumption of Hegel's aesthetic heritage, the young Lukács departs from Hegel's positive conclusions about modernity, namely: from the suspension of the fragmented and lyrical liberty of the bourgeois civil society by the objective freedom in the unity and totality of the State form, unity and totality truly seized by the philosophical form. Lukács, in opposition to Hegel, understands modernity from the negative starting point, that is, he does not understand it as the consumation of human freedom, but as the experience of the human subject fragmented and separated from the social structures. (shrink)

Manufacturing and industry practices are undergoing an unprecedented revolution as a consequence of the convergence of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, cloud computing, virtual and augmented reality, among others. This fourth industrial revolution is similarly changing the practices and capabilities of operators in their industrial environments. This paper introduces and explores the notion of the Operator 4.0 as well as how this novel way of conceptualizing the human operator necessarily implicates human values in the technologies that constitute it. (...) The design approach known as value sensitive design (VSD) is used to explore how these Operator 4.0 technologies can be designed for human values. Expert elicitation surveys were used to determine the values of industry stakeholders and examples of how the VSD methodology can be adopted by engineers in order to design for these values is illustrated. The results provide preliminary adoption strategies that industrial teams can take to Operator 4.0 technology for human values. (shrink)

Tomando como ponto de partida a noção de “psicologia das multidões”, desenvolvida inicialmente por Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), este trabalho procura refletir, num sentido amplo, sobre a dinâmica entre a política e as relações intersubjetivas, afetivas e imaginárias da vida coletiva. Além disso, buscamos estabelecer o confronto entre dois filósofos pós-marxistas contemporâneos, Antonio Negri e Ernesto Laclau, os quais, afastando-se da perspectiva de Le Bon, fazem leituras distintas das noções de povo, massa e multidão, propondo, cada qual a seu (...) modo, estratégias diferentes de atuação política, sem desconsiderar a dinâmica dos afetos que estruturam a vida social e política na atual fase do capitalismo. Frente a estas perspectivas, pretendemos mostrar que o conceito de multidão, de Le Bon, bem como as técnicas de propaganda e manipulação de massa por ele indicada, é uma ferramenta útil para compreender os fenômenos políticos contemporâneos, como é o caso do neofascismo, que surge em meio à crise da democracia representativa. (shrink)

From the classic Frankenstein of 1931 to Matrix, which offers a version of the philosophical fable of the brain in a vat and on to Self/less, in which the consciousness of a dying tycoon is transferred to a younger man’s body, cinema has variously explored the relationship between personhood and the body by means of fictions concerning the brain and its contents.1 From the crude disembodied brains of 1950s B-movies to the neuroimaging visuals of 21st-century cyberpunk, these films localize individuality (...) essentially in the brain, and make personal identity transcend the body’s demise by transplanting the brain into other, typically younger or at least healthier bodies.... (shrink)

Jean Piaget, connu comme créateur d'une théorie du développement de l'intelligence chez l'enfant, fut un naturaliste précoce. En 1912, à l'âge de seize ans, il prononça une conférence sur « La vanité de la nomenclature » dans le cadre des activités d'un club de jeunes naturalistes; le manuscrit de cette conférence a été retrouvé récemment. L'introduction à la présente édition du manuscrit essaie de montrer l'importance de ce dernier pour une biographie historique de Piaget. D'une part, « La vanité » (...) est à la fois l'expression la plus synthétique de l'intégration de son auteur au champ de l'histoire naturelle, et le premier signal de sa réorientation vers la biologie philosophique qui jouerait un rôle crucial dans son oeuvre ultérieure. D'autre part, le texte du jeune Piaget illustre la persistance du nominalisme dans la problématique post-darwinienne de l'espèce, et certaines relations entre cette problématique et la philosophie de Henri Bergson. Long before becoming the well-known creator of a theory of the development of intelligence in children, Jean Piaget was a naturalist. In 1912, at the age of sixteen, and as member of a young naturalists' club, he gave a talk called « The Vanity of Nomenclature », the manuscript of which was recently discovered. The introduction to the present edition of that manuscript aims at suggesting its significance for a historical biography of Piaget. On the one hand, Piaget's text is the best exponent of his integration into the field of natural history; however, it is also the first sign of his reorientation towards the philosophical biology that would play a fundamental role in his later work. On the other hand, « The Vanity » illustrates the persistence of nominalism in post-Darwinian thinking about the species, and reveals certain relations between Henry Bergson's philosophy and the history of biology. (shrink)

ArgumentSeeing a prodigious cure happen and then testifying about it certainly differs from attending an air pump experiment in order to bear witness to it. Yet early-modern saint-making and the “new” or “experimental philosophy” shared juridical roots, and thereby an understanding of the role of testimony for the establishment of “matters of fact” and for the production of legitimate knowledge. The reforms carried out after the Council of Trent, especially during Urban VIII's pontificate, of the juridical procedures for saint-making in (...) the Catholic Church implied a new attitude towards the examination of proposed miracles. Most of these miracles were healings. While the appeal to medical expertise had long been common, and skepticism had often manifested itself regarding cures or extraordinary bodily phenomena, both were now given formal status. Miracle inquests henceforth leaned towards refuting miraculousness by means of natural explanations. The procedure was systematized in a treatise published in the 1730s by Prospero Lambertini. The combination of Lambertini's work with the canonization causes in which he acted as the “devil's advocate” in charge of disputing arguments favorable to a sainthood candidate allows for a reconstruction of the interplay between the juridical and scientific economies of saint-making, and of the role of testimony in the production of trust and evidence. (shrink)

This book explores the notion of endangerment which stands at the heart of a network of concepts, values and practices dealing with objects considered threatened by extinction, and with the procedures aimed at preserving them. It looks at some of the fundamental ways in which this process involves science, but also more than science: not only data and knowledge and institutions, but also affects and values. With a focus on endangerment sensibility, it encapsulates tensions between the normative and the utilitarian, (...) the natural and the cultural. (shrink)

L’histoire de la psychologie en tant que discipline autonome comporte non seulement des développements méthodologiques et institutionnels, mais aussi l’élaboration du concept même de psychologie et des représentations de sa place dans l’ordre des sciences. Si de telles représentations ne détenninent pas la constitution du champ professionnel ou la pratique concrète du psychologue, elles n’en expriment pas moins des idéaux épistémologiques et reflètent les changements qui s’opèrent au sein de la discipline. Nous donnerons d’abord une vue générale de la position (...) de la psychologie au XVIIe et au VXIIIe siècle, puis nous esquisserons l’histoire de sa place dans l’ordre des sciences de Destutt de Tracy à Jean Piaget. Après avoir été la science des sciences des classifications hiérarchiques, la psychologie s’intègre aux autres sciences dans des schémas moins linéaires, voire circulaires, sans pour autant toujours perdre la prééminence gnoséologique et pédagogique que lui attribuèrent en premier les « psychologues » du XVIIIe siècle. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca explicitar o conceito de ironia na Teoria do romance. A explicitação do conceito de ironia se desdobrará num desenvolvimento duplo: como exigência normativo composicional e como radicalização subjetiva que excede a normatividade. No primeiro sentido, a ironia configura subjetivamente uma totalidade na obra épica, partindo da sua fragmentação objetiva nas relações sociais modernas. Nessa acepção, a ironia se apresenta como uma manobra subjetiva a serviço da normatividade épica do romance, pois sua finalidade é harmonizar o ideal (...) subjetivo com a objetividade histórica burguesa. Seu paradigma é representado, neste artigo, por Goethe. O outro sentido pelo qual a ironia romântica aparece é demarcado pela forma extremada da subjetividade. Esta, reconhecendo uma impossibilidade de realização de seu ideal harmônico na modernidade, porque o mundo moderno se lhe apresenta como uma efetividade oposta aos anseios subjetivos, refugia-se na própria interioridade e se distancia do mundo presente, buscando refúgio em tempos e lugares mais propícios à realização poética. Novalis é o modelo dessa ironia radicalizada. Essa forma irônica, ao contrário da “cadência irônica” de Goethe, aniquila a forma romance, uma vez que o aspecto subjetivo da pura reflexão, a lírica, se sobrepõe à objetividade histórica presente que o romance também necessariamente deve encerrar. (shrink)

O ESTADO DE DIREITO, A QUEBRA DO PARADIGMA POSITIVISTA E O SURGIMENTO DO ATIVISMO JUDICIAL.

O objetivo deste texto é pensar sobre as relações entre Vico e Rousseau e suas respectivas perspectivas sobre o estatuto da linguagem, da retórica e da sociedade.

A relação entre política e aparência desenvolvida por Maquiavel no Príncipe tem sido vista como uma chave de leitura fundamental da obra do pensador florentino. Maquiavel teria mostrado que é condição da política desdobrar-se na aparência, ou seja, na dimensão simbólica do imaginário coletivo. Esta mesma relação também é colocada de modo emblemático pelo filósofo napolitano Giambattista Vico, autor raramente citado quanto à recepção de Maquiavel, mas que explora ou retoma temas afins. A questão é saber até que ponto Vico (...) segue pela via aberta por Maquiavel ou dela se afasta. Portanto, é o percurso e a direção desta retomada que gostaria de indicar neste trabalho, tendo em vista que, tanto Vico quanto Maquiavel, dialogam com a antiga tradição filosófica que, de Platão a Plutarco, já discutia o assunto. (shrink)

Although the eighteenth century is not a chief interest of historians of psychology, nor is the history of psychology a main topic of Enlightenment studies, the era has long qualified as what a textbook of modern philosophy called "the century of psychology". The present article examines such a historiographical paradox, and asks in what senses eighteenth-century might deserve that label. For the general historian of the Enlightenment, as for historians of logic, esthetics, moral philosophy, or education, the label is justified (...) by the psychologization experienced by those domains and others. The historian of the human sciences can agree because, especially in Germany, empirical psychology became during the eighteenth century an autonomous field of academic investigation. Psychology, under that name or otherwise, gained throughout Europe the highest rank in the hierarchy of the sciences. Moreover, insofar as its object was the soul united to, and interacting with the body, and to the extent that human beings were defined precisely by such a union and "commerce", psychology became the crucial anthropological science, on which all other branches of the "science of man" were said to depend. Finally, the development during the Aufklärung of a historical discourse about empirical psychology reveals the self-consciousness attained within the emerging field by the end of the eighteenth century. Weder ist das achtzehnte Jahrhundert für die Geschichte der Psychologie ein Schwerpunkt der Forschung, noch ist die Geschichte der Psychologie ein Hauptthema der Arbeiten über die Aufklärung. Trotzdem wurde diese Ära doch lange Zeit als das qualifiziert, was ein Textbuch der modernen Philosophie als "das Jahrhundert der Psychologie" bezeichnet. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht dieses historiographische Paradoxon, und fragt, inwiefern das achtzehnte Jahrhundert die Bezeichnung "Jahrhundert der Psychologie" verdient.Für den "allgemeinen" Historiker der Aufklärung genauso wie für die Historiker der Logik, der Ästhetik, der Moralphilosophie oder der Erziehung rechtfertigt sich die Bezeichnung aus der Psychologisierung, die diese und andere Gebiete erfahren haben. Der Historiker, der sich mit den Geisteswissenschaften beschäftigt, kann ihr ebenfalls zustimmen, da die empirische Psychologie, insbesondere in Deutschland, während des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts ein eigenständiges Feld auf dem Gebiet der akademischen Forschung wurde.Die Psychologie, sei es nun unter diesem oder einem anderen Namen, erreichte in der Hierarchie der Wissenschaften in ganz Europa den höchsten Rang. Darüber hinaus wurde sie zu einer kritischen anthropologischen Wissenschaft, von der gesagt wurde, daß alle anderen "Humanwissenschaften" auf ihr beruhen. Denn ihr Gegenstand war die mit dem Körper eine Einheit bildende und mit ihm zusammen agierende Seele, und in dem Umfang, in dem die Menschen präzise durch diese Einheit und durch das "commercium" beschrieben wurden. Letztendlich spiegelt die Entwicklung eines historischen Diskurses über die empirische Psychologie während der Aufklärung das Selbstbewußtsein wieder, das innerhalb dieses aufstrebenden Bereichs gegen Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts erlangt wurde. (shrink)

For thousands of years, people have used nature to justify their political, moral, and social judgments. Such appeals to the moral authority of nature are still very much with us today, as heated debates over genetically modified organisms and human cloning testify. The Moral Authority of Nature offers a wide-ranging account of how people have used nature to think about what counts as good, beautiful, just, or valuable. The eighteen essays cover a diverse array of topics, including the connection of (...) cosmic and human orders in ancient Greece, medieval notions of sexual disorder, early modern contexts for categorizing individuals and judging acts as "against nature," race and the origin of humans, ecological economics, and radical feminism. The essays also range widely in time and place, from archaic Greece to early twentieth-century China, medieval Europe to contemporary America. Scholars from a wide variety of fields will welcome The Moral Authority of Nature, which provides the first sustained historical survey of its topic. Contributors: Danielle Allen, Joan Cadden, Lorraine Daston, Fa-ti Fan, Eckhardt Fuchs, Valentin Groebner, Abigail J. Lustig, Gregg Mitman, Michelle Murphy, Katharine Park, Matt Price, Robert N. Proctor, Helmut Puff, Robert J. Richards, Londa Schiebinger, Laura Slatkin, Julia Adeney Thomas, Fernando Vidal. (shrink)

The concept of assisted death includes a heterogeneous variety of practices, whose common denominator is to guarantee citizens their right to participate in decisions related to their own death process, to make it as consistent with their preferences as possible. It’s one of the most controversial and discussed topics in recent decades, both in the academic field and in public opinion. This paper examines the two main justifications for its legalization: to guarantee individual autonomy as in other areas of life, (...) and to avoid unnecessary suffering to the dying. It will be argued that, although both are related and both tie the ethics of care with the autonomy of the subject, the justification for autonomy is stronger and resists better the objections of those opposed to the legalization of this right. (shrink)

Jean Starobinski on the Reason of Body In posthumous homage to Jean Starobinski (1920-2019) on the centennial of his birth, this article sketches his thought on the «reasons of the body», linking it to certain contemporary fields of research. Prolonging the «somatic turn» of the 1980s, more recent «emotional» and «interoceptive turns» claim to reintegrate the body into history, the humanities and the neurocognitive sciences. Starobinski’s perspective helps bring their limits to light. Conversely, approaching his critical enterprise from their vantage (...) point highlights its unique way of linking history and phenomenology, its sustained attention to the experience of the self and bodily self-awareness, and its demonstration of how the «reasons of the body» may be intimately bound to the literary expression that embodies them. (shrink)

The existential situation of persons who suffer from the locked-in syndrome raises manifold issues significant to medical anthropology, phenomenology, biomedical ethics, and neuroethics that have not yet been systematically explored. The present special issue of Neuroethics illustrates the joint effort of a consolidating network of scholars from various disciplines in Europe, North America and Japan to go in that direction, and to explore LIS beyond clinical studies and quality of life assessments.

The title of this issue of Science in Context – “Believing Nature, Knowing God” – is intended to suggest the moral, emotional, and cognitive conditions in which the historical alliance of “nature” and “God” operated, and to make a more general point about knowing and believing. The production of scientific knowledge includes mechanisms for bringing about acceptance that such knowledge is true, and thus for generating a psychological state of belief. To claim to have knowledge of nature involves an attitude (...) of belief in certain epistemic values, in the procedures associated with them, and in the results to which they lead. “Nature,” both as a totality to be known, and as the sum of the results of research directed towards it, turns out to be an object of belief. (shrink)

This paper develops the very basic notions of analysis in a weak second-order theory of arithmetic BTFA whose provably total functions are the polynomial time computable functions. We formalize within BTFA the real number system and the notion of a continuous real function of a real variable. The theory BTFA is able to prove the intermediate value theorem, wherefore it follows that the system of real numbers is a real closed ordered field. In the last section of the paper, we (...) show how to interpret the theory BTFA in Robinson's theory of arithmetic Q. This fact entails that the elementary theory of the real closed ordered fields is interpretable in Q. (shrink)

In 1913, the future psychologist and epistemologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980), then a seventeen-year-old naturalist, gave a talk criticizing 'the notion of the species according to the Mendelian school'. In it, he confounded Mendelism and mutationism, and misunderstood both. He attributed an environmental nature to the 'factors' postulated by Mendel's laws for inherited characteristics, and thought that mutations resulted from the appearance of a new environmental factor. Such misinterpretations are closely related to Piaget's assimilation of the Bergsonian critique of 'mechanistic' science (...) into his work in malacological taxonomy. (shrink)

In Dark City, people live in a city that is constantly in the dark. The city is in fact a laboratory constructed by a race of Strangers who live below the urban surface to do experiments aimed at discovering what makes human beings human. The Strangers will survive only by becoming like them. To find out what humanity is, but assuming it is essentially related to memory, every day they paralyze all human activity, extract memories from individuals, mix them, and (...) inject them back. When people wake up, they are totally different persons – but do not know it. This article examines how, starting with such a situation, Dark City explores the role of memory in personhood, the problem of authenticity, and the status of “false” memories in making the self, and how the connect to the experimental psychology and the neuroscience of memory. (shrink)

Argument“Deficit model” designates an outlook on the public understanding and communication of science that emphasizes scientific illiteracy and the need to educate the public. Though criticized, it is still widespread, especially among scientists. Its persistence is due not only to factors ranging from scientists’ training to policy design, but also to the continuance of realism as an aesthetic criterion. This article examines the link between realism and the deficit model through discussions of neurology and psychiatry in fiction film, as well (...) as through debates about historical movies and the cinematic adaptation of literature. It shows that different values and criteria tend to dominate the realist stance in different domains:accuracyfor movies concerning neurology and psychiatry,authenticityfor the historical film, andfidelityfor adaptations of literature. Finally, contrary to the deficit model, it argues that the cinema is better characterized by a surplus of meaning than by informational shortcomings. (shrink)

Comparative study of the knowledge of IVF in medical students of universities with different ethical and humanistic valuesEstudo comparativo do conhecimento das técnicas de reprodução assistida em estudantes de Medicina de universidades com diferentes ideários éticos e humanísticosIn vitro fertilization continues to be presented as a relatively simple solution to produce a pregnancy without exposing the medical and ethical problems that this represents. This project consisted of conducting a survey to medical students from three medical schools in Mexico City with (...) different ethical and humanistic ideas with the aim of evaluating knowledge about IVF techniques and their ethical implications. The survey was applied to 404 medical students. Students in schools with personalistic ethics had a greater recognition of the bioethical principles involved in the use of these techniques. Knowledge of the technique and ethical issues involved in assisted reproduction could improve the sensitivity of medical students to ethical dilemmas that arise in their professional practice.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoCantú-Quintanilla G, Vidal-Sentíes C, Marcó-Bach FJ, Camargo-Prieto F, Aguiñaga-Chiñas N, Contreras-Estrada D. Estudio comparativo del conocimiento de las técnicas de reproducción asistida en estudiantes de medicina de universidades con diferentes idearios éticos y humanísticos. Pers Bioet. 2020;24:166-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.4Recibido: 04/09/2019Aceptado: 05/08/2020Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)